Lascaux cave paintings Essay Example For Students

Lascaux cavern artworks Essay The Lascar cavern artworks On September 12, 1940 in Doreen, Prance, four men named Marcel Arrival, Jacques Marshal, Simon Sconces, and Georges Aging, happened upon a since quite a while ago overlooked cavern Lascar. The Lascar cavern, presently a World Heritage site, has been known as the Lascar bestiary. An upheaval happened in the production of workmanship during the upper Paleolithic Era in Europe. Starting around 40,000 B. C. , records shows that cutting edge people supplanted Neanderthals and remained the main primate occupants across Europe. At about a similar time the most punctual workmanship was made. These imaginative accomplishments fall into one out of two classes. Artworks and inscriptions found in caverns along dividers and roofs are parietal workmanship. The caverns where works of art have been found are well on the way to not have filled in as haven, yet rather were for stately or strict purposes. The subsequent classification, versatility craftsmanship, incorporates etched articles which are commonly discovered covered at home destinations. The painted dividers of the collapses Lascar are injuries of the most amazing and notable imaginative manifestations of Paleolithic people. Despite the fact that there is one human mage (painted people are uncommon in Paleolithic craftsmanship), a large portion of the artistic creations show creatures found in the encompassing region, for example, buffalo, mammoths, ibex, bulls, ponies, deer, lions, bears, and wolves, They are the two creatures that would have been pursued and eaten just as those that were dreaded predators, (for example, lions, bears, and wolves No vegetation or painting of nature is appeared around the creatures. These photos are joined by signs and some human portrayals, for example, a man confronting a charging buffalo, bringing up new issues about our ancient precursors.

Snowy Birthday Party

Snowy Birthday Party Friday January 7th marked the beginning of MIT’s 150th birthday celebration. Alumni and community from all over are making trips to Cambridge to see and remember all the great things that have come out of our beloved MIT in the past century and a half. There are a ton of activities lined up for the next few months. The committee has been working for months now to gather all the history and artifacts they can muster to make sure that everything about the last 150 years is represented. I got the chance to go to the opening of the special exhibit at the MIT Museum. They have ten themes that display every aspect of life here. I was shocked at how many inventions and creations came out of the research that both students and professors are doing. These were the themes and objects they have in the exhibit: Academic MIT 2.70/2.007 MIT’s Most Famous Class Formula SAE Racecar Independent Activities Period Lantern Slides from MIT’s Faculty Physical Sciences Study Committee Scratch UROP Analog/Digital MIT Computer Time-Sharing Differential Analyzer GNU Manifesto Google App Inventor HP-35 Calculator “Man-Computer Symbiosis” MIT Project Athena Slide Rules Spacewar! Theseus Maze TX-0 Computer Whirlwind Computer Artistic MIT Analog Music Synthesizer Bavicchi’s Festival Symphony Calder’s La Grande Voile Centerbeam Copeland’s Canticle of Freedom Digital Holography Goldring’s Decent Harbison’s Flight Into Egypt Janney’s Soundstair Kepes’ Flame Orchard Leacock’s November Actions LeWitt’s Bars of Color Within Squares MIT Architectural Student Drawings MIT Glass Lab Parker’s Plasma Sculpture Piene’s Fleurs du Mal The Computer Generation White’s Capitol Reef Woodbury’s The Blue Wave Bionic MIT Artificial “Skin” Boston Arm H.M.’s Brain “Minsky Arm” PowerFoot One Prosthetic Foot Prescription Eyeglasses Lens Fabricator Stair-Climbing Wheelchair Strain Gage Denture Tenderometer MIT’s Boston Boston Chinatown Master Plan Boston Wind Tunnel Studies Boston’s Central Artery/Tunnel Plan Charles River as Research Lab Ellen S. Richards’ Research Notes Perceptual Form of the City Weather Radar Research William O. Crosby’s Geology Studies Broadcasting MIT Cambridge Campus Dedication Compton Lecture Series MIT Press’ Most Influential Works MIT Science Reporter MIT World’s Fair Albums MIT’s Mid-Century Convocation OpenCourseWare Stereo Views of “Boston Tech” WMBR 88.1 Radio Station Entrepreneurial MIT American Research Development Corp. Arthur D. Little’s “Silk Purse” MIT $100K Competition MIT Sloan Fellows MIT Spinoffs MIT’s First Patent Policy One Laptop Per Child Perfect Cup of Coffee Research SR-4 Strain Gage Technicolor Film Camera Pioneering MIT Adaptive Optics Apollo GNC System Simulator Athelstan Spilhaus’s Bathythermograph Atomichron Atomic Clock Brookhaven National Laboratory Chomsky’s Elements of Linguistic Structure Civil Engineering Surveying Classes Despradelle’s Beacon of Progress Discovery of tRNA’s Structure Edgerton’s High-Speed Motion Pictures Feynman Diagrams Francis Bitter’s First Electromagnet Hydrothermal Vent Samples MIT Neurosciences Research Program MIT Spectroscopy Laboratory MIT’s Accomplished Graduates MIT’s Distinguished Faculty MIT’s First Wind Tunnel Monsanto House of the Future Norbert Wiener Meets Albert Einstein Numerically Controlled Milling Machine Pioneering Maser/Laser Technologies R/V Atlantis Ray and Maria Stata Center RLE Brainwave Correlator Computer Sea Squirt Van de Graaff Generators Visible Language Worshop Voyager Plasma Science Experiment Whitehead Human Genome Project Problem-Solving MIT Cancer Research Carlisle Solar House Cavity Magnetron CityCar Electric Vehicle Copenhagen Wheel Expert Testimony Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracking Mark 14 Gunsight MIT Nuclear Research reactor Nuclear Medicine Presidential Science Advisors Project SAGE Protein Folding SS M.I.T. Victory Christening Bottle Virus Battery Uniquely MIT Baker House Piano Drop Dirk Struik Indictment Papers Grateful Dead at MIT Hacking â€" The Smoot IHTFP MIT Class of 2011 Brass Rat Richard C. Maclaurin’s Death Mask Sharpies Photo Mural Status of Women Faculty in Science (P.S. I got this list from the map of the exhibit There is also a ton more info about the exhibit here) When I left the museum, it was SNOOOWWWIIINNNNGGG! Now I know that this whole snow phenomenon is not as exciting to anyone who grew up around it. But for me, coming from the deep south, this is a unique occurrence. So unique, in fact, that it happened again the next week! We were graced with 18-24 inches of glorious, fluffy snow bunnies! The best part about it is, the #IAParty2011 is just beginning!

Essay about Homosexuality Nature Versus Nurture - 2099 Words

HOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologist and many people have encountered and most have yet to find the answer. Homosexuality has been thought of as being something that some are born with and others believe it is a learned behavior. Whether or not nature or nurture is the cause†¦show more content†¦However that would prove to be furthest from the truth. Growing up Brenda couldn’t understand why she liked doing things that boys were doing and why as an adolescent she became attracted to girls and not boys. Eventually Brenda would learn the truth of her true identity and what he had been going through with Dr. Money and his â€Å"experiment†; a life experience that would ultimately lead to his committing suicide (McKenna, Kessler, Tiefer, and Schober, 2002). Subjecting individuals to such traumas can prove to have a psychological hold on people who have to endure such horrific episodes in their lives. Sexual trauma and early exposure to sexual activity is another argument in the quest to determine the roots to homosexuality. There are so many young girls today that start out with sexual activity at an early age; some as early as ten years old. Over time these young ladies are exposed to sexual activity such as oral sex, group sex, and same-sex gratification. They have allowed themselves to be misused by men, for lack of guidance, and find that blaming the men for their broken hearts is an easy way to act on their curiosities about same-sex relations. With the rise of same-sex parenting it is only natural for one to assume that such behavior displayed in the home would raise questions to rather or notShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Across the Life Span: Nature Versus Nurture Essay examples1666 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Across the Life Span: Nature versus Nurture Barry University What is Nature versus Nurture? Development across the lifespan is one of the most interesting areas of psychology. The word development refers to human development which can be defined as â€Å"the scientific study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.† (Ciccarelli, amp; White, 2009)Psychologists study this developmental change over time through several different methods. The book highlightsRead MoreEssay on Human Development: Nature vs. Nurture1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is an old issue within the field of psychology. â€Å"The nature-nurture issue is a perennial one that has resurfaced in current psychiatry as a series of debates on the role that genes (DNA) and environments play in the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders† (Schaffner) The debate is essentially about what is inherited (nature) and what is experienced by environmental factors (nurture) and how they affect human development. Naturally, the nature versus nurtureRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature or Nurture811 Words   |  3 Pageswith development across the human lifespan is the theory of â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. It is an unsolved debate that has been around for centuries. It covers a broad spectrum of topics from intelligence to emotions, or in this case homosexuality. Although homosexuality is often thought of as a trait that is â€Å"genetically determined†, many others disagree and argue that it is rather a learned behavior (Lathe, pg. 20) Is it nature or nurture that causes this so-called â€Å"abnormality†? Or does it depend onRead MoreNature vs Nurture739 Words   |  3 Pagesthis opportunity as an experiment to test his nurture theory of gender identity. What are the expected results of this experiment, assuming that th e nurture theory is valid? Given that this nurture theory is valid, the expected results of this experiment is that Brenda (who was formally Bruce) will grow up thinking that she was born a female and will throughout her entire life spam portray only idealistic female roles. 2. According to the nurture theory, predict the gender identity Bruce wouldRead MoreEssay about Child Development, Nature vs Nurture801 Words   |  4 Pages. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance  and  environmental factors  to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as  tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slateRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology1344 Words   |  6 Pages1 Kaeezs Mark Lee F. Tonda PSY 100 Nature Vs. Nurture There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligenceRead MoreNature vs. Nurture Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesKeith Mierzejewski Methods of Critical Thinking Research Paper December 11, 2010 Nature vs. Nurture One of the most enduring debates in the field of psychology is the controversial idea of nature vs. nurture. Throughout the endless history of the debate, no clear conclusion has been met, only hypotheses have been formed. At the center of the debate, human behaviors, ideas, and feelings are being determined, whether they are learned or inherited. Determining physical traits, such as eye colorRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture928 Words   |  4 PagesAs mentioned briefly in my self-introduction post, the nature-nurture portion of our textbook is the one part of this course I stated I looked forward to the most. I have always found myself engaged in a constant internal battle regarding nature versus nurture. Adding to this internal battle is the fact that I am married to an identical twin†¦a twin who drastically differs from his brother in several ways. These differences between my husband and his twin have resulted in my questioning if theRead MoreNature vs Nur ture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pageswill be forever or if the society they grow in creates all of their attributes. This nature versus nurture debate affects many aspects of life, including the treatment of serial killers and psychopaths, and recognition of emotional and mental disorders, the acceptance of homosexuality, and even video game regulation. The nature theory states that only a person’s genes develop their personality, while the nurture theory states that personality is developed only because of the impact of societyRead MoreThe Nature of Development Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pageswork. They are shaped by parents, peers, and biology. From their mannerisms, to the way their chin points, nurture and nature affect every aspect of human life. There is a debate brewing in the psychological, sociological and scientific communities over which of these two have the higher influence. While most of the members of these communities acknowledge the fact that both nature and nurture affect development, some believe that only one solely determines certain aspects of life, such as gender

A POSITION PAPER ON SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPUS REX - 2713 Words

THE KING WEARS A SHADES AS THE SUN SHINES BRIGHT WHICH MAKES HIS DAYS DARKER AND DARKER EVERY SINGLE DAY (with some relations to the Philippine Government and setting as a whole) A POSITION PAPER ON SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPUS REX REGULANO, Jean Paula Bermudez 2011-05787 HUM 1 X Oedipus Rex’ knowledge, which served as his gut against the others to be the King of Thebes, is only limited to the information on his people and his environment, excluding the information about himself due to his blindness and innocence on his own identity. In the midst of the downfall of the City of Thebes, is the entrance of a great leader who will dare to make a change, held the city up despite its fall, which will do his best for his term to be progressive and be†¦show more content†¦This describes, simply, a cause and effect relation in variables. The free will and determinism concepts in the play in one way can be projected in the part where in Oedipus’ leadership was carefully examined. What is really, a hidden agenda of a man to be a King of such a place? All politicians who run for a position, saying or hiding this, have their own agendum of doing so. It would be so scripted for the people or for the mass to say that their only reason for asking a position is to have a better avenue to serve them, provide their basic social needs, to return back to them what they do for their nation as part of the nationbuilding, to offer his life as to bring progress and unite the people of a specific land. Though there are really some whose objective is this, but I wonder if they are placed in position right now. Oedipus’ is fortunate enough to be able to be the King of the City of Thebes, but, how about his tragic reversal of fortune as the story starts to end? Is it attributed to his own conduct? Or will it more reflect on his fate, which means that what happened is merely because it was planned, that is it was really meant to happen, and that it was not caused by the conduct of Oedipus? In an audience point of view, what happened towards the end is mainly because of his conduct. The death of Laius is really a big issue and as the oneShow MoreRelated Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Power of Prophecy1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Fate in Oedipus Rex (the King) The underlying theme in Oedipus Rex is that fate is more powerful than free will. On this strong basis of fate, free will doesnt even exist. This was a popular belief among the ancient Greeks.   Fate may be accepted or denied by modern society, but in Oedipuss story, fate proves inevitable. In the play, Oedipus Rex, the characters Oedipus, Iocaste and Laios try to change fate.    In the very beginning of the story, before we hear from theRead MoreScript Analysis of Oedipus the King Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesScript Analysis of Oedipus Rex The complete fate of Oedipus Rex, is foreshadowed by Teiresias, the prophet in Scene II: But it will soon be shown that he is a Theban, A revelation that will fail to please. A blind man, Who has his eyes now; a penniless man, who is rich now; And he will go tapping the strange earth with his staff To the children with whom he lives now he will be Brother and father- the very same; to her Who bore him, son and husband- the very same Who came to hisRead MoreLiterature: Compare and Contrast - Literary Devices5483 Words   |  22 Pagesauthors by both comparing their work and isolating their contrasting elements, can be difficult, yet rewarding. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), written in 429 B.C., offers the authors use of Greek Mythology, oracles, Greek gods, deception, and murder. Throughout the series of events, the reader is given clues to the true identity of the murderer resulting in a traumatic climax. Sophocles writes with certainty yet leaves the reader in virtual suspense anticipating the next event adding to the mysteryRead MoreOedipus-a Tragic Hero706 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Oedipus-A Tragic Hero Research Paper ENGL 102: Literature and Composition) Fall 2015 Melinda Meeds L26683811 APA Outline Thesis: In Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus†, Oedipus is exemplified as a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s definition because his story appeals to the reader’s humanity in the way he maintains his strengths after inadvertently causing his own downfall. I. Oedipus A. The noble birth. B. Describe Oedipus’ character. II. Tragedy A. DescribeRead MoreThe Gods vs. Man Essay1966 Words   |  8 Pageshistory men have always wanted to be like the gods. It is something that is seen over and over, mans universal struggle to be like the gods. Is it mans fault that he wants to be like the gods? Or is it the gods fault? The story Oedipus Rex by Sophocles shows that mans arrogance and fallible personality is the cause of this struggle for superiority. The Greeks dealt the most with gods, melding their daily lives with religion. The Greeks have had multiple Gods over muchRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 1325 Words   |  6 Pages1828 - May 23, 1906) and â€Å"Oedipus the King†, by Sophocles (which is an Athenian tragedy performed 495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.) both have men who were destroyed by a secret which lead them to their horrible outcomes on life because of the conflicts in their relationships with their families although, both pieces of Literature were written many years apart from each other and in different areas of time. Two characters who share some of the same qualities are Oedipus from â€Å"Sophocles’† and Torvil from â€Å"A Doll’sRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Oedipus And Plato 1636 Words   |  7 PagesKAUFMANN’S OEDIPUS AND PLATO’S SOCRATES In Chapter Four of his book, Tragedy and Philosophy, Walter Kaufmann claims that Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex is one of the greatest tragedies ever written in part because it presents so vividly five characteristics of human life which make our existence so tragic. The purpose of this paper will be, first, to present Kaufmann’s view and, second, to apply these same characteristics to Plato’s dialogues in general and to the characters in Plato’s dialogues,Read More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Victim of Fate3445 Words   |  14 PagesVictim of Fate in Oedipus Rex The question has been raised as to whether Oedipus was a victim of fate or of his own actions.   This essay will show that Oedipus was a victim of fate, but he was no puppet because he freely and actively sought his doom, although he was warned many times of the inevitable repercussions of his actions. When first considering this topic, I speculated that maybe it was the destiny of Oedipus to suffer, but a friend asked me to explain why Oedipus, in the act ofRead MoreTragedy Will Never Be The Same3193 Words   |  13 Pagesthe structure and stage, which includes how many characters are portrayed and also how their stages were set up, how the plot has advanced, and lastly the use of the tragic hero. Obviously, we can trace our modern tragedies back to Aristotle and Sophocles’ eras but that is not to say we have not dramatically changed the way theatre is approached. First, structure and stage have grown more advanced for understandable reasons. During the Ancient Greek era, plays were usually only performed once a yearRead MoreThe Dramatic Significance of Sick Characters in Ola Rotimis Plays4629 Words   |  19 PagesTHE DRAMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SICK CHARACTERS IN OLA ROTIMI’S PLAYS Odia Clement Eloghosa ABSTRACT In this paper, the sick characters are studied through the examination of their dramatic significance and contributions to the development of Ola Rotimi’s drama. Three aspects of dramatic significance are identified in this paper and we argue that the sick: (1) act as witness and help the healthy establish truth, (2) create crisis situations that stir up diverse emotions in

‘Manhunt’ in comparison to ‘In Paris with you’ Free Essays

Both poems focus on the difficulties of being close to another person after past experiences. The male speaker in the poem ‘In Paris with You’ is unwilling to discuss his experiences of the past because he was â€Å"bamboozled† and is now focusing on the present, â€Å"I’m on the rebound†. The husband in ‘The Manhunt’ is similarly closed on the subject of the past because of his experience of war, â€Å"The blown hinge of his lower jaw† shows that he is unable to talk of his experience and it is like a door which is no longer open to his wife. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Manhunt’ in comparison to ‘In Paris with you’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now The narrator of ‘In Paris with You’ does not want to spend time visiting famous parisian landmarks like â€Å"Notre Dame†, instead he wants to stay in an â€Å"Old hotel room† having sex with the woman. This shows that the man does not want to spend time getting to know her but instead he uses her. The poet uses colloquial language – â€Å"downed a drink or two† – to reflect the lack of care for the woman. In ‘The Manhunt’ the wife is searching for her husband who seems lost to her, metaphorically, after war. She is â€Å"climbing the rungs of his broken ribs† which shows she is trying to reach his heart to let him know she’s there, she is â€Å"climbing† which takes a lot of effort in a gradual search for her husband. In ‘The Manhunt’ the poet shows effort to connect with another person. On the other hand in ‘In Paris with You’ the man shows no effort in getting close to the woman, which is reflected by the colloquial language. How to cite ‘Manhunt’ in comparison to ‘In Paris with you’, Papers

Samples for Article Writing Essays - Technology,

Your local newspaper has approached you to write an article about your interpretation of what the town or city you live in will be like, twenty years in the future.( SAMPLE ANSWER/ MODEL ANSWER IS AVAILABLE ) ( RELATED TO ``TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE `` topic) Include all of the following points (not necessarily in the following order): ?Discussion of what your town/city looks like today ?How it has changed over recent years ?What the major changes will be, and how technological advances will shape this change ?Your opinion of the town/city today ?Your view on how advances in technology will affect people?s daily lives, working habits and free time within your town/city. Before you begin, consider the following questions: ?What is the purpose of the communication? ?Who is intended the audience of the article? ?What level of formality and register would be appropriate? Make some notes or a mind map to help plan your writing before you begin. Try to write an Article around 250 words. There is also an exemplar answer for you to look at when you have finished. SAMPLE Answer : My city in the future will be a marvellous place to live. Nobody can say for certain what changes will take place, but based on evidence from the past few years and the changes that have already happened here, it appears likely that any change will have a positive effect on the wellbeing of the people and the economy. Glasgow today is a progressive city. Only ten or twenty years ago it still resembled the shipbuilding hub that it was during wartime, but the redevelopments of the riverfront area and in some of the poorer slum areas (razing of high-rise flats etc) have really changed the face of the city and brought it into the 21st century. It is now a much brighter and more vibrant place to live. I expect this trend to continue over the next two decades. Technology will clearly play a key role in the future of the city, and I expect that the road and rail infrastructure will be completely overhauled in this period. I am not convinced we will have flying cars or spaceships in twenty years, but I do believe the transport system will be much more efficient. Technological advancements will lead to people almost exclusively driving environmentally friendly vehicles, with cars running on solar power or electric charge. I also think we will see a change in people?s work patters, as more efficient computer technology, and possibly robotics, takes away the strain from regular people for a lot of the labour-intensive tasks we face today. The result of this will be more free time for people, and this can only be a positive as it will reduce stress levels, and ultimately illness. The move towards everything being more efficient will also affect our personal lives. People will have even more technology at home, but it will all be interconnected and easy to operate, perhaps even by voice. It is an exciting time to look forward to, and I think Glasgow will benefit from technological advance as much as most of the world?s other major cities.

The demographic transition model Essays

The demographic transition model Essays The demographic transition model Paper The demographic transition model Paper The Demographic transition model (DTM) is a model used to explain the process of shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson of prior observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years. Most developed countries are beyond stage three of the model; the majority of developing countries are in stage 2 or stage 3. The model was based on the changes seen in Europe so these countries follow the DTM relatively well. Many developing countries have moved into stage 3. The major exceptions are poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, or countries affected by government policy or civil strife, notably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan. Strengths of the DTM The DTM has many good factors. For example, it is universal in concept. It can be applied to all countries in the world. You are able to see, that many other countries in Europe and North America went through similar stages as they industrialised. Some newly industrialised countries (NICs) such as Singapore and South Korea also seemed to go through similar stages, but faster than countries like Britain had done, which I will examine in my essay later. The model helps to explain what has happened and why it has happened in that particular sequence, because it is also easy to understand. Furthermore it enables comparisons to be made demographically between countries. In addition, it provides a starting point for the study of demographically change over time. The model’s timescales are flexible and to sum up, it is very dynamic, showing changes through time. The DTM of the UK The UK went in the last 300 years through five stages of the DTM. Reliable estimates and census returns go back further for the UK than for any other country. I want to explain those stages now a little bit further: Stage 1: The death rates fluctuated up until about 1740. In years of plenty the death rate fell, rising again in periods of scarcity, missing hygiene and cheap gin drinking. It also rose when epidemics of illness struck and no medical science was there. In addition there was uncertain food supply. The birth rate stayed high to compensate for the high death rate. There was no birth control or family planning, and many children were needed to work on the land and support their parents in old age. But there was also such a high birth rate, because so many children died in infancy that parents tend Tanja Dordelmann Geography Year 12 Page 2 to produce more in the hope that several will survive. Both rates were about 35 per 1000. Stage 2: The UK went through the second stage from 1760 till 1880. The birth rates remained high, but death rates fall rapidly to about 20 per 1000 people. The medical care were improved, there were now vaccinations, hospitals and doctors. The supply of improves sanitation, water and food production improved in quality and quantity. Transports to move to the doctors and to the foods were also provided. Furthermore the child mortality decreased between 1770 and 1870. In the 1870s Anne Besant published brochures advocating birth control. Compulsory education and factory reforms after 1870 made employment of children much more difficult. All this resulted in a big population growth. Stage 3: The late expanding in the UK of the third stage happened from 1880 till 1940. The birth rates fall rapidly to perhaps 16 per 1000 people. This may due to the different family planning, there was now contraceptives, sterilisation, abortion and government incentives. The fall of the infant mortality rate lead to less pressure to have so many children. The increased industry and mechanism meaning fewer labourers are needed. All in all the desire for material possessions and less desire for large families grew up. Another important factor was the emancipation of the women, which enabled the women to follow their own careers rather than just bearing children. While this, the death rate continued falling slightly, means to 12 per 1000 people. Therefore the population had a slowly increase. Stage 4: By 1940, the birth rate had fallen again to 14 per 1000, partly due to the uncertainties of war. After the war the birth rate rose immediately for a short while, which is called the post-war baby boom. But at 1980 birth rates fallen again and remained at the same level. There was also the introduction of the antibaby-pill and more use of condoms. This is also a result of the rise in the importance of women in the employment structure of the UK. Whereas the death rate remained low at 10 – 12 per 1000. This resulted in a steady population. The UK has not achieved the fifth stage yet, like many other countries, either. Actually this fifth stage is just a conjecture and only Hungary passed this stage. Weaknesses of the DTM The DTM doe not only have good factors, even though it is universal in concept, it is Eurocentric and assumes that all countries in the world will follow the European sequence of socioeconomic changes. It is based on the experience of industrialisation and does not originally include the fifth stage. Also you cannot read why all this happened. It does not include the factor of Aids, the role of the government and the impact of migration, although it is a very important part of studying population change. Conclusion – My opinion of the DTM The DTM is, in my eyes, a very good way of compare countries in their population change over the years. Unfortunately it does not include all countries in their development. But all in all I think using the DTM is very useful.